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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using other organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It is a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 Learn More Here However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce pest densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. But successful control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the procedure of application is important, sufficient coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using click to read fertilisers to develop improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this manner, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
